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Original Article

Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2025; 29(2): 215-225

Published online March 1, 2025 https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.24.196

Copyright © Korean J Physiol Pharmacol.

Microglial galectin-3 increases with aging in the mouse hippocampus

Hyun Joo Shin1,#, So Jeong Lee1,#, Hyeong Seok An1, Ha Nyeoung Choi2, Eun Ae Jeong1, Jaewoong Lee1, Kyung Eun Kim1, Bong-Hoi Choi3, Seung Pil Yun2, Dawon Kang4, Sang Soo Kang1, and Gu Seob Roh1,*

1Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, 2Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 3Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 4Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea

Correspondence to:Gu Seob Roh
E-mail: anaroh@gnu.ac.kr

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

Author contributions: G.S.R. supervised and coordinated the study. H.J.S. and S.J.L. performed animal experiments and determined all protein works and histological analysis. E.A.J. quantified Sholl analysis. J.L. and K.E.K. perforemd qRT-PCR. H.S.A. and H.N.C. performed in vitro experiments. B.H.C., S.P.Y., D.K., and S.S.K. critically revised the manusctipt. S.H.J., S.J.L., and G.S.R. wrote the manuscript.

Received: June 11, 2024; Revised: October 13, 2024; Accepted: October 28, 2024

Abstract

Microglial activation during aging is associated with neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Galectin-3 plays a crucial role in microglial activation and phagocytosis. However, the role of galectin-3 in the aged brain is not completely understood. In the present study, we investigated aging-related mechanisms and microglial galectin-3 expression in the mouse hippocampus using female 6-, 12-, and 24-month-old C57BL/6 mice. Western blot analysis revealed neurodegeneration, blood-brain barrier leakage, and increased levels of neuroinflammation-related proteins in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in activated microglia in the hippocampus of 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Furthermore, we found more galectin-3 and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2-positive microglia in 24-month-old mice compared to 6- and 12-month-old mice. Using primary mouse microglial cells, galectin -3 was also increased by lipopolysaccharide treatment. These findings suggest that galectin-3 may play an important role in microglial activation and neuroinflammation during brain aging.

Keywords: Aging, Galectin-3, Hippocampus, Microglia, Neuroinflammation