Fig. 1. Maltol exhibits low cardiac cytotoxicity and mitigates ISO-induced stress in cardiomyocytes.
Viability of H9c2 and AC16 cells treated with various concentrations of maltol for 24 h. (A) Information of maltol. (B) Comparison of cell viability between maltol and dapagliflozin treatments in H9c2 cells. (C) Comparison of cell viability between maltol and dapagliflozin treatments in AC16 cells. (D) mRNA expression levels of NPPA, NPPB, and MYH7 in ISO-treated H9c2 cells with and without maltol treatment. (E) Protein levels of BNP in ISO-treated H9c2 cells with and without maltol treatment. (F) Changes in the surface area of ISO-induced AC16 cardiomyocytes with and without maltol treatment. The cell size was measured by immunofluorescence staining with alpha-actinin, using DAPI for nuclear staining, and images were captured at 40× magnification. (G) mRNA expression levels of IL1B, IL10, LC3, SIRT1, and HO1 in ISO-treated AC16 cells with and without maltol treatment. Data are means ± SD. ISO, isoproterenol; MAL, maltol; DAPA, dapagliflozin; NT, no treatment. *p < 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; ****p ≤ 0.0001.
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