Fig. 2. Low-frequency (2 Hz) auricular vagus nerve stimulation (aVNS) enhances cortical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) influx around the middle cerebral artery (MCA).
(A) Schematic illustration showing in vivo transcranial macroscopic CSF imaging and the flow of CSF tracer after injected into the cisterna magna. (B) Influxed CSF tracers into the cortex along the MCAs. Scale bar = 1,000 µm. (C) Normalized CSF signal traces during and after 30 min of aVNS (n = 8 for each group). Based on each normalized trace, peak intensity (D), area under the curve (E), and increasing slope (F) during aVNS were calculated. p-values were determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; ns, not significant.
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