Fig. 5. Effect of fine particulate matter (FPM) on osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs).
(A) Cell viability was determined using the MTS assay at various concentrations of FPM (0, 3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 μg/ml). (B) Analysis of the relative TRAP intensity in osteoclasts. BMMs were treated with various concentrations of FPM (0, 3.125, 6.25, and 12.5 μg/ml) or vehicle (PBS) in the presence of M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (50 ng/ml) stimulation. TRAP intensity was measured using Image J software. (C) Osteoclasts were observed via TRAP staining. TRAP-positive cells were photographed under a light microscope. Scale bar, 100 μm. Bars represent mean ± standard deviation. All data were confirmed in three independent experiments. PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; M-CSF, macrophage-colony stimulating factor; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 vs. control.
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