Fig. 3. Effects of apigenin on mitochondrial function in MSTO-211H and H-2452 cells. (A, B) Cells were treated with indicated concentrations of apigenin for 48 h. Intracellular ROS levels were measured after cells were stained with 10 μM DCF-DA (A). Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured after staining cells with 30 nM rhodamine123 (B). (C–E) Cells were pretreated with 5 mM NAC or 1 mM ATP for 2 h prior to treatment with 30 μM apigenin for 48 h. Cellular ATP levels were measured by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay (C). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay (D). Levels of DNA damage response-, apoptosis-, and necroptosis-related proteins were assessed by Western blotting (E). APG, apigenin; NAC, N-acetylcysteine; ROS, reactive oxygen species. *p < 0.05 vs. respective control group. #p < 0.05 vs. group treated with APG alone.
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